: : ANAND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY : :

1	Single cell protein can be used up to 20% level in concentrate mixture for growing calves.
2.	It is beneficial to treat groundnut cake with 50g tannic acid/kg of groundnut cake. Nitrogen utilization and growth performance can be improved by treating groundnut cake.
3.	Gram chuni provide 10% digestible crude protein (DCP) and 81% total digestible nutrients (TDN). It should be fed with phosphorus rich feeds (rice polish or wheat bran).
4.	It is desirable to feed caged layers low energy low protein feed (2,500 ME, 16% protein). The birds on this nutritional regime had higher egg production and lower feed consumption per dozen of eggs as well as per kilogram of eggs. This also provided higher return over feed cost Rs. 49.34 per bird/year.
5.	Subabul seeds are good source of digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and provide 10.6% DCP and 68.4% TDN. It will be a future source of feed ingredient after research trials.
6.	In coastal areas of Valsad district there is shortage of fodder especially green fodder. Only cher and aal grasses are available in limited quantities. Hence extension work is necessary for popularizing production of salt resistant grasses. Research work for evolving suitable fodders varieties, which can grow under shade of sapota and mango, may be taken up in Valsad district. Supplementation of zinc and zinc rich feeds (rice polish and cakes) is necessary while using deficient fodders in Valsad district.
7.	Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plants grow abundantly in waste land and forest in Valsad district. The seeds are useful for feeding of animals. There is a need for collection of Cassia tora seeds. This will reduce shortage of feeds and will provide employment to rural and tribal people.
8.	Subabul seeds can be included up to 30% in the concentrate mixture for adult cross- bred bullocks.
9.	Straw-Urea-Molasses blocks provided 2% DCP and 49% TDN.
10.	Silage of Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plant can be prepared with addition of 1.5% molasses and 1.5% salt. It is palatable to cattle and provided 6.3% DCP and 47.2% TDN on dry matter basis. However, supplementation of phosphorus rich feeds (rice polish, wheat bran) or mineral mixture is necessary while feeding Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plant silage alone.
11.	Corn steep liquor in the concentrate mixture is found to be palatable to the adapted animals and it can be fed up to 15% level in concentrate mixture of growing cross -bred calves.
12.	Paper wastes are found palatable to crossbred F₁ bullocks (J x K) in complete feed and can be fed at 15% level to bullocks for maintenance during scarcity period.
13.	Subabul seeds are found palatable to inter-se mated crossbred calves in the compounded concentrate mixture. The subabul seeds can be used with ferrous sulphate supplementation (0.02%) at 30 per cent level in concentrate mixture of growing crossbred calves.
14.	Urea treated wheat straw (4%) provided 1.38% DCP and 50.61% TDN on dry matter basis. Urea treatment has improved the nutritive value of wheat straw to some extent.
15.	Urea treatment of paddy straw was found beneficial and there was 12-15% increase in TDN content of paddy straw due to 4% urea treatment. Urea treated paddy straw provided 60.97% TDN on dry matter basis.
16.	Subabul seeds are palatable to lactating cows and can be incorporated at 15% level in the concentrate mixture for lactating cows as new source of feed ingredient.
17.	High protein concentrate mixture manufactured earlier by Amul provides 24.28 % DCP and 60.08% TDN on dry matter basis.
18.	Sorghum (jowar) gluten provides 16.60% DCP and 65.24% TDN on dry matter basis. It will be a good source of protein and energy for cattle feeds. There is a need for supplementation of calcium by calcium rich feed (legume fodder) or addition of lime stone (0.5%) in feeds containing sorghum gluten.
19.	Feeding of urea treated wheat straw to growing heifers in combination with reduced supply of concentrate mixture (125 g of concentrate mixture equivalent to 1 kg urea treated straw) increased digestibility and protein content of wheat straw due to 4% urea treatment. This is economically advantageous.
20.	Newly evolved variety of perennial grass Coimbatore-1 provides 7.43% DCP and 64.4% TDN on dry matter basis.
21.	Jowar cake provides 1.33% DCP and 67.16% TDN on dry matter basis. It will be a good source of energy for cattle. There is a need to supplement additional source of protein with jowar cake based ration.
22.	Corn steep liquor can be used in cockerel ration up to 8% level without affecting the performance of the cockerels.
23.	Kardi cake (safflower cake) provide 6.89% DCP and 42.94% TDN on dry matter basis.
24.	It is recommended to the progressive farmers that corn steep liquor is found to be a good source of protein as well as energy and can be used in caged broiler ration up to 8% level without adversely affecting their performance. Simultaneously it helps in reducing the cost of feeding (Rs/kg gain) and increase cost: benefit ratio too.
25.	The combination of wheat straw and groundnut gotar in the ratio of 60:40 when fed to cattle provides 3.90% DCP and 56.77% TDN on dry matter basis. Mineral mixture (30g/day/animal) or other phosphorus rich feeds like wheat bran or rice polish should be supplemented when this combination is fed.
26.	Rape seed cake (solvent extracted) provides 31.56% DCP and 66.74% TDN to cattle. It is less palatable as sole feed and hence mixing with some palatable feed like wheat bran is necessary.
27.	Feeding of babul pods chuni (Coarsely ground babul pods) can safely be incorporated at 7.5% levels in the concentrate mixture of growing crossbreed calves without any adverse effect on growth, feed intake and health. It was found to be 20.3 and 9.3 per cent economical, respectively over control i.e. conventional concentrate mixture (T₁) and unconventional concentrate mixture (T₂) similar to compound cattle feed from co-operative sector.
28.	Babul pods chuni (Coarsely ground pods) can be incorporated up to 15% level in concentrate mixture of lactating animals with economic advantage.
29.	Monensin feeding @ 200 mg/day/animal for seven weeks to lactating HF cows has not shown any beneficial effect on production.
30.	Complete feeds containing 50 % wheat straw, non conventional feeds (10% Prosopis juliflora pods, 6.5% mango seed kernels with conventional ingredients) 21% G.N.C, 10% molasses, 1% mineral mixture, 0.5% Urea and 1% salt can be fed to growing calves without any adverse effect on growth and with economic advantage.
31.	Complete feeds containing 60% wheat straw (22.5% G.N.C., 5% Prosopis juliflora pods, 10% Molasses, 0.5% Urea, 1% salt, 1% Mineral mixture) provide 9.71% DCP and 54.21% TDN which is adequate for maintenance of adult cattle.
32.	Feeding of whole banana plant (stem & leaves) with dry fodder can maintain cattle and buffaloes.
33.	Pigeon pea gotar and wheat straw in 75: 25 ratio provide sufficient nutrition for maintenance of dairy cattle.
34.	Complete feeds based on 45% wheat straw and non-conventional feeds (Prosopis juliflora pods 14% and babul seeds chuni 3.5%) with 25% deoiled groundnut cake, 10% Molasses, 0.5% Urea, 1% salt and 1% mineral mixture for lactating cows can sustain production and reduce feed cost per kg milk by 36.58% compared to conventional system of feeding.
35.	Corn steep liquor, a byproduct of maize starch industry can safely be incorporated at 30% level in concentrate mixture for maintenance of adult cattle / bullocks.
36.	Chaffed whole banana plant can be fed to adult cattle along with dry fodder (in 10:1 ratio) for maintenance when supplemented with 1 kg compounded concentrate mixture.
37.	Salicornia straw can replace 25% of basal roughage (wheat straw) in the ration of adult cattle.
38.	Total mixed ration comprising 45% ground wheat straw, 24% deoiled groundnut cake, 14% Prosopis juliflora pods, 3.5% babul seed chuni, 10% molasses, 1% salt, 2% mineral mixture and 0.5% urea is as good for lactating cows as any complete feed and is at the same time cheaper by 8.7%.
39.	Complete feed and TMR based on 52 % wheat straw,23 % GNC, 10 % Prosopis juliflora pods, 8 % corn steep liquor, 5 % Molasses,1 % salt and 1 mineral mixture can be used as ration of growing crossbred calves without any adverse effect on growth rate, digestibility and nutrient utilization. The feed cost per kg gain decreased by 46.35 and 35.84 % in complete feed and TMR respectively, over conventional ration.
40.	Four percent urea treatment of roughage left over with supplementation of molasses/ salt can meet energy needs of non-producing large ruminants. However, it is advisable to feed 0.5kg protein & phosphorus rich feed [e.g. groundnut cake] to each animal per day to meet their protein & phosphorous requirements.
41.	Complete feed with 42% threshed wheat straw, 25% deoiled groundnut cake, 10% Prosopis juliflora pods, 8% rice polish, 12 % molasses, 2% mineral mixture and 1% salt can be used as ration for calves without any adverse effect on growth, rumen fermentation and digestibility. It reduces feed cost per kg gain by 33% over conventional system of feeding.
42.	Gatton panic grass hay provided 1.64% DCP and 60.43% TDN on dry matter basis.
43.	Incorporation of Mango seed kernel @ 10% in broiler starter feed improves feed efficiency by 11.52% with 25.68 % more returns over feed cost.
44.	The farmers of Mehsana district are advised to be cautious while purchasing some private compound concentrate mixtures as these are low in protein and high in crude fiber and silica content. Similarly, maize bharda sold in local market is also found adulterated and poor in nutritive value.
45.	The lactating buffaloes of Satlasana, Becharaji and Kadi talukas yielding above 5 liters of milk per day were underfed for energy and that of Becharaji and Kadi for both, protein and energy. Hence, the farmers of Satlasana are advised to feed additional 1.25 kg and that of Kadi and Becharaji, 1.25 kg grain or grain byproduct with 0.5 kg oil cake.
46.	During summer, the protein intake of dry buffaloes was found short of the requirement in Satlasana, Becharaji and Kadi talukas of Mehsana district. The farmers are advised to feed additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to bridge this gap.
47.	The farmers of Dediyapada taluka of Narmada district are advised to feed additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to the lactating buffaloes. The cow heifers and dry cows of Dang and buffalo heifers of Narmada district should be fed additional 250 g oil cake or 500 g compound concentrate mixture. The farmers of Halvad taluka in Surendranagar district are advised to feed 2 kg compound concentrate mixture or 1 kg oil cakes to their lactating buffaloes giving more than 5 kg of milk and compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffalo heifers and 1 kg to cow heifers.
48.	To ensure adequate supply of zinc, the farmers of districts Dang, Valsad, Narmada and Surendranagar are advised to supplement mineral mixture as per BIS specifications daily 40 g to their lactating cows, buffaloes and pregnant animals and 30 g to heifers and bullocks.
49	The farmers of Surat district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1-1.5 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 5-8 kg milk and 2.5-3.0 kg to animals producing up to 15 kg milk per day during summer and during monsoon on account of green fodder availability, 1.0 kg to buffaloes producing 5-8 kg and 1.5-2.0 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 8-12 kg milk”.
50	The total mixed ration comprising of 50% bajri straw can support daily gain over 500 g when fed to 6-9 months old crossbred calves and was superior to total mixed ration either with 40 or 60% bajri straw.
51	The farmers of Navasari district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to cows producing 8-10 kg milk and 0.5 kg to cattle and buffalo heifers respectively. They are also advised to supplement all categories of dairy animals 30 g of mineral mixture (without salt) as per BIS specifications.
52	The farmers of Bharuch district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to the lactating buffaloes producing 5.5-9 kg milk and to feed 45g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to lactating cows producing 6-15kg and buffaloes 5.5-9 kg milk and to pregnant, dry and, buffalo heifers and bullocks.
53	The farmers of Vadodara district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1 kg to the lactating buffaloes of Savli taluka and to the other buffaloes producing 9-12 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 50 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to all categories of dairy animals.
54	The farmers of Anand district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffaloes producing 12-15 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 30 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to pregnant cows, buffaloes and bullocks.
55	The farmers of Mahuva and Gadhda taluka of Bhavnagar district are advised to feed 75 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to the lactating cows and buffaloes and 50 g to other categories of cattle and buffaloes.
56	In Porbandar district, the farmers are advised to feed mineral mixture as per BIS specifications 150g to lactating and pregnant cows and buffaloes and 50g to dry buffaloes and heifers.
57	The farmers of Jamnagar district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 0.5 kg to cows producing 14-16 kg and 2kg to buffaloes producing 11-13.5 kg to bridge the gap of protein supply. They are also advised to feed 100 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to Lactating and Pregnant cows and Buffaloes.
58	The farmers of Panchmahal district are advised to feed daily additional compound concentrate mixture respectively, 1.25 kg and 2.0 kg to indigenous cows (receiving 1.70 kg) and buffaloes (receiving 2.00 kg) producing up to 5 kg and 6-10 kg (cows receiving 2.20 kg and buffaloes 2.9 kg) milk/day during winter.
59	The crossbred cows of Panchmahal district producing 5-15 kg (receiving 2.6 to 4.6 kg) and more than 15 kg (receiving 5.3 kg) milk daily, should be fed additional 2 and 3 kg compound concentrate mixture, respectively during winter. However, during monsoon, cows producing daily 5-15 kg milk (receiving 3.6 to 5.5 kg), should be fed additional 1-1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture.
60	Compared to conventional feeding system, bullocks can be maintained at 15% less feed cost on complete feed comprising of Bajri straw, 70%; Corn steep liquor, 15%; Deoiled Ground nut cake, 3%; Wheat bran, 2%; Deoiled Rice Bran, 3%; Molasses, 5%; Mineral mixture as per BIS specification, 1% ; Salt, 0.5%; Urea, 0.5 % and Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃@ 1000 I.U. /kg.
61	In growing crossbred calves feeding of 60% bajra straw based feed block (Bajra straw, 60%; Deoiled GNC, 18%; Maize, 5%; Rice polish, 5%; Molasses, 10 %; Min. Mix. as per BIS specification, 1%; Salt, 0.5%; Urea, 0.5 % and Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃@ 1000 I.U./kg) can support daily gain of 380 g similar to conventional feeding system with 25.2 % saving in feed cost.

Animal Nutrition Survey in different districts of Gujarat state to study the available feeds and fodder resources.