Year-2005

1

The farmers of Mehsana district are advised to be cautious while purchasing some private compound concentrate mixtures as these are low in protein and high in crude fiber and silica content. Similarly, maize bharda sold in local market is also found adulterated and poor in nutritive value.

2.

The lactating buffaloes of Satlasana, Becharaji and Kadi talukas yielding above 5 liters of milk per day were underfed for energy and that of Becharaji and Kadi for both, protein and energy. Hence, the farmers of Satlasana are advised to feed additional 1.25 kg and that of Kadi and Becharaji, 1.25 kg grain or grain byproduct with 0.5 kg oil cake.

3.

During summer, the protein intake of dry buffaloes was found short of the requirement in Satlasana, Becharaji  and Kadi talukas of Mehsana district. The farmers are advised to feed additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to bridge this gap.

4.

The farmers of Dediyapada taluka of Narmada district are advised to feed additional   1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to the lactating buffaloes. The cow heifers and dry cows of Dang and buffalo heifers of Narmada district should be fed additional 250 g oil cake or 500 g compound concentrate mixture. The farmers of Halvad taluka in Surendranagar district are advised to feed 2 kg compound concentrate mixture or 1 kg oil cakes to their lactating buffaloes giving more than 5 kg of milk and compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffalo heifers and 1 kg to cow heifers.

5.

To ensure adequate supply of zinc, the farmers of districts Dang, Valsad, Narmada and Surendranagar are advised to supplement mineral mixture as per BIS specifications daily 40 g to their lactating cows, buffaloes and pregnant animals and 30 g to heifers and bullocks.

Year-2006

6.

The farmers of Surat district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1-1.5 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 5-8 kg milk and 2.5-3.0 kg to animals producing up to 15 kg milk per day during summer and during monsoon on account of green fodder availability, 1.0 kg to buffaloes producing 5-8 kg and 1.5-2.0 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 8-12 kg milk.

7.

The total mixed ration comprising of 50% bajri straw can support daily gain over 500 g when fed to 6-9 months old crossbred calves and was superior to total mixed ration either with 40 or 60% bajri straw.

8.

The farmers of Navasari district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to cows producing 8-10 kg milk and 0.5 kg to cattle and buffalo heifers respectively. They are also advised to supplement all categories of dairy  animals 30 g of mineral mixture (without salt) as per BIS specifications.

9.

The farmers of Bharuch district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to the lactating buffaloes producing 5.5-9 kg milk and to feed 45g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to lactating cows producing 6-15kg and buffaloes 5.5-9 kg milk and to pregnant, dry and, buffalo heifers and bullocks.

10.

The farmers of Vadodara district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1 kg to the lactating buffaloes of Savli taluka and to the other buffaloes producing 9-12 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 50 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to all categories of dairy animals.

11.

The farmers of Anand district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffaloes producing 12-15 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 30 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to pregnant cows, buffaloes and bullocks.

12.

The farmers of  Mahuva and Gadhda taluka of  Bhavnagar district are advised to feed 75 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to the lactating cows and buffaloes and 50 g to  other categories of cattle and buffaloes.

13.

In Porbandar district, the farmers are advised to feed mineral mixture as per BIS specifications 150g to lactating and pregnant cows and buffaloes and 50g to dry buffaloes and heifers.

14.

The farmers of Jamnagar district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 0.5 kg to cows producing 14-16 kg and 2kg to buffaloes producing 11-13.5 kg to bridge the gap of protein supply. They are also advised to feed 100 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to Lactating and Pregnant cows and Buffaloes.

Year -2007

15.

The farmers of Panchmahal district are advised to feed daily additional compound concentrate mixture respectively, 1.25 kg and 2.0 kg to indigenous cows (receiving 1.70 kg) and buffaloes (receiving 2.00 kg) producing up to 5 kg and 6-10 kg  (cows receiving 2.20 kg and  buffaloes 2.9 kg) milk/day during winter.

16.

The crossbred cows of Panchmahal district producing 5-15 kg (receiving 2.6 to 4.6 kg) and more than 15 kg (receiving 5.3 kg) milk daily, should be fed additional 2 and 3 kg compound concentrate mixture, respectively during winter. However, during monsoon, cows producing daily 5-15 kg milk (receiving 3.6 to 5.5 kg), should be fed additional 1-1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture.

17.

Compared to conventional feeding system, bullocks can be maintained at 15% less feed cost on complete feed comprising of Bajri straw, 70%; Corn steep liquor, 15%;  Deoiled Ground nut cake,  3%;  Wheat bran, 2%;  Deoiled Rice Bran, 3%;  Molasses, 5%;   Mineral mixture as per BIS specification, 1% ;  Salt, 0.5%;   Urea, 0.5 %  and  Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃ @ 1000 I.U. /kg.

18.

 In growing crossbred calves feeding of 60% bajra straw based feed block (Bajra straw, 60%; Deoiled GNC, 18%; Maize, 5%; Rice polish, 5%; Molasses, 10 %;    Min. Mix. as per BIS specification, 1%; Salt, 0.5%;  Urea, 0.5 % and  Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃ @ 1000 I.U./kg) can support  daily gain of  380 g similar to conventional feeding system with 25.2 % saving in feed cost.

Year- 2008

19.

In Dahod district, buffaloes yielding 5-10 kg and 10.5 - 12.5 kg milk /day, respectively on an average feeding of 2.0 to 5.3 and 3.6 to 5.2 kg concentrate mixture daily. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg to buffaloes producing 5-10 kg milk per day during monsoon, summer and winter, while buffaloes yielding daily 10.5 to 12.5 kg need to be given additional 1.5 and 2.5 kg compound concentrate mixture during summer and winter.

20.

In Dahod district, the crossbred cows yielding 8-12 kg milk per day receive on an average 4.0 kg concentrate mixture during winter. To fulfill their nutrient requirement, the dairy farmers are advised to feed additional 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture.

21.

Inclusion of 900 g of formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal (bypass protein) replacing 1.6 kg compound concentrate mixture in mature pasture grass (Dicanthium annulatum) based ration of growing crossbred calves of 6-12 21 months results in 39% higher growth without any increment in the feed cost per kg gain.

22.

Buffalo female calves of 6-12 months age when fed concentrate mixture with bypass protein (formaldehyde treated Guar bhardo,16.0 %; Groundnut extraction 5 % and Rapeseed extraction, 5.0 %) attain 35 % higher body weight gain with a reduction in the feed cost by 19 percent.

23.

Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate in the ration of crossbred cows yielding 15-17 kg milk increases milk fat % and fat yield and results in higher return.

24.

Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.0 kg of homemade concentrate mixture in the ration of cross-bred cows yielding daily 20 kg milk results in increased milk fat and higher return.

Year-2009

25.

In Sabarkantha district, the crossbred cows yielding 6-8, 9-12 and 13-14 kg milk per day respectively, on an average get daily 3.7, 4.4 and 5.4 kg concentrate mixture during summer. In order to fulfill their requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 0.6 kg to cows yielding daily 6-12 kg and 1.0 kg to that yielding daily 13-14 kg milk.

26.

In Sabarkantha district buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7-9 and 10-12 kg milk/day respectively, on an average get daily 3.2, 3.7 and 5.3 kg concentrate mixture. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 0.6, 1.25 and 1.70 kg to buffaloes yielding daily 5-7, 7-9 and 10-12 kg milk during summer and 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 kg during monsoon, respectively.

27.

Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate in the ration of buffaloes yielding 7-8 kg milk increased milk fat (0.68%) and fat yield (21%) and resulted in Rs.27.0 more daily return per buffalo.

28.

Supplementation of bypass fat (calcium salts of long chain fatty acids) @ 200 g daily in concentrate mixture to early lactating buffaloes yielding 9-10 22 kg milk per day increases milk production (4.72 %) and fat (0.75 %) and resulted in Rs.21.0 more daily return per buffalo

29.

The inclusion of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 5 g/day in concentrate mixture of growing Kankrej calves resulted in 16% higher growth without any increment in the feed cost.

Year-2010

30.

In Kheda district, buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7-9 and 9-12 kg milk/day receive on an average daily 4.1, 4.2, and 5.3 kg concentrate mixture, respectively. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional 1.0 and 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture during winter to buffaloes yielding daily 5-7, and 7-9 kg and 1.5 kg round the year to buffaloes that yield daily 9-12 kg milk.

31.

In Kheda district, the bullocks receive on an average daily less than 200 g concentrate mixture during winter and summer seasons. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement for maintenance, the farmers are advised to feed additional 800g compound concentrate mixture or 4.0 kg green leguminous fodder.

32.

Total mixed ration comprising of 50 % mature pasture grass and 50 % compound concentrate mixture with bypass protein source resulted in 22 % more body weight gain in crossbred calves without any increase in feed cost.

Year-2011

33.

The feed cost of raising weaner kids and lambs fed jowar hay (30%) and groundnut gotar (30%) based Total Mixed Ration can be reduced by 25 to 30% compared to TMR based on jowar hay (60%) alone.

34.

In Ahmedabad district buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7.5-9.5 and 10-12 kg milk/day, on an average received daily 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 kg concentrate mixture, respectively. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture in summer to buffaloes yielding 5-7 kg milk and 0.5 kg compound concentrate mixture round the year to buffaloes yielding daily 7.5-12 kg milk.

35.

The cost of feeding (Rs/kg gain) in coloured broilers was reduced by 14.5% when probiotics was supplemented @ 100 g and 50 g/tonne of feed during starter and finisher phase, respectively.

Year-2012

36.

In tribal areas like Kadana taluka of Panchmahals and Chhota udepur taluka of Vadodara district during 90 days of early lactation, inclusion of bypass fat @ 15g/kg milk yield in the ration of buffaloes yielding 6 to 7 kg results in improvement in yield of whole milk, percentage of fat and the efficiency of feed conversion and increase in income by 21 to 23%.

37.

In tribal areas like Kadana taluka of  Panchmahals and Chhota udepur taluka of  Vadodara district during 90 days of early lactation, inclusion of concentrate mixture with bypass protein in the ration of buffaloes yielding daily 6 to 7 kg milk, results in improvement in yield of whole milk, percentage of fat and the efficiency of feed conversion and increase in income by 40 to 42%.

38.

In Vadodara district the farmers are advised to feed additional daily 1 to 1.25 kg compound concentrate mixture to lactating buffaloes in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement.

39.

The farmers of Vadodara district are advised to feed additional daily 500 g compound concentrate mixture or 3.0 kg leguminous green fodder to working bullocks during summer and winter in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement.

Year- 2013

40.

Farmers of Anand district are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate to the lactating crossbred cows yielding daily 7 to 9 kg milk during monsoon and winter and daily 1.5 kg throughout the year to cows yielding daily 15-18 kg milk. 

41.

Farmers of Anand district are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to buffaloes yielding daily 5.5 to 10 kg milk during summer and monsoon, and 1.5 kg during winter.

42.

The dairy farmers are recommended that inclusion of bypass fat @100 g/day for 30 days before parturition and 15g/kg milk yield after parturition for 120 days in the ration of buffaloes improves yield of whole milk, fat, 6% FCM, feed conversion efficiency, income per buffalo and birth weight of calves and reduces service period.

Year-2014

43.

The dairy farmers of Mahisagar district are recommended to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture (20% CP; 65% TDN) to crossbred cows yielding 12-14 kg during summer and monsoon in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement.

44.

The dairy farmers of Mahisagar district are recommended to feed daily additional 1.0 kg and 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture (20% CP; 65% TDN) to buffaloes yielding 6-10 and 10-12 kg milk, respectively, throughout the year in order to fulfill their nutrient requirements.

45.

The goat keepers of middle Gujarat are recommended to feed a combination of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bypass fat each @ 2% of total mixed ration (TMR) to weaned Surti kids during hot humid weather to reduce the impact of heat stress, improve daily gain and feed conversion efficiency with 24% reduction in feed cost per kg gain.

46.

To reduce the impact of heat stress without any increment in the feed cost, the goat keepers of middle Gujarat are recommended to feed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) @ 2% of total mixed ration (TMR) to adult Surti goats during hot summer when they are facing extreme severe stress.

Year-2015

47.

The farmers of Botad district are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 and 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture, respectively to cows and buffaloes yielding 5.0 to 9.0 and 9.0 to 13.0 kg milk throughout the year in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement      

Year-2005

1

Incorporation of Mango seed kernel @ 10% in broiler starter feed improves feed efficiency by 11.52% with 25.68 % more returns over feed cost.

2

The response of cross bred calves to feeding of deoiled cotton seed cake as a source of natural bypass protein and formaldehyde treated groundnut cake was similar in terms of growth rate, nutrients intake, nutrient utilization efficiency and feed cost.

3.

Supplementation of formaldehyde treated groundnut cake (protected protein) to completely replace cotton seed cake protein in the ration of cows with 6 to 7 kg average daily milk yield has no beneficial effect.

4.

Zinc content in the mineral mixture for cattle in Patan district should be 1.15 %.

5.

Four per cent lime treated extrusion cooked castor seed cake can be used at 10 % level in broiler rations without any adverse effect on growth, feed   conversion efficiency, livability and carcass characteristics and with 7.91% reduction in the total feed cost of rearing.

Year-2007

6.

The sequence similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences of buffalo rumen uncultured bacteria revealed 38.3%, 31.04% and 1.61% clones similar to phyla Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Proteobacter, respectively. The sequences are available at NCBI, USA with accession Nos. EU 36705-36753, EU 40258-40265 and EU 348106-348296.

Year-2008

7.

In Anand district, supplementation of mineral mixture as per BIS (2002) or the appropriate mineral mixture with Zinc in chelated form to repeat breeder buffaloes does not affect pregnancy rates or blood plasma profile (concentration of Cu, Mn, Zn and Co).

8.

Population of total bacteria per ml in rumen fluid of buffalo is 10⁹ while that of fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic bacteria is 10⁸ and 10⁶ per ml respectively. Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavifacience and Fibrobacter succinogenes are the dominant fibrolytic bacteria and contribute 5.1, 4.2 and 1.7 per cent to total bacterial density. Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium are the dominant nonfibrolytic bacteria but are less than 1 % of total bacteria.

9.

The sequence similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences of buffalo rumen uncultured methanogens revealed archea belonging to three major classes viz., Methanonomicrobia (41.22 % clones), Thermoplasmata (13.6 % clones) and Methanomicrobiales (12.12 % clones) while 33 % clones remained unidentified and formed a novel group. The sequences are available at NCBI, USA with accession No EU794740-EU794854, EU814699-EU814714.

Year-2009

10.

Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate alone or with bypass fat (calcium salts of long chain fatty acids) @ 10g /kg milk yield in the ration of buffaloes yielding 7-8 kg milk for 150 days during early lactation resulted in 2.5 and 16 times reduction in body weight loss, respectively compared to animals kept on farm feeding schedule.

11.

Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate in the ration of buffaloes yielding 7-8 kg milk reduces service period (29 days) and number of services per conception (0.84).

12.

Supplementation of bypass fat (calcium salts of long chain fatty acids) @ 200 g daily in concentrate mixture to early lactating buffaloes yielding 9-10 kg milk/day increases unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids by 39.56, 37.14 and 90.1 %, respectively in milk fat.

13.

In Dahod district, the supplementation of mineral mixture with zinc and copper in chelated form to anoestrous and repeat breeder buffaloes @ 25g/day for 120 days resulted in incresed pregnancy rates. The concentration of Ca, P, Cu, and Zn in blood plasma improved due to supplementation. However, supplementation in ionic form is cheaper by 40 per cent compared to chelated form.

14.

The inclusion of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 5 g/day in concentrate mixture of growing Kankrej calves resulted in 16 per cent higher growth, improved rumen fermentation, digestibility of nutrients, and feed conversion efficiency without any increment in the feed cost and change in blood glucose, total protein and its fraction and profiles of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline Phoshphatase (AKP).

15.

The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences of buffalo rumen uncultured protozoa revealed Entidinomorphs (75 % colnes) and Holotrich (25 % clones) as major groups. Among Holotrichs, majority of clones showed similarity with Dasytricha ruminantium and Isotricha prostoma. The sequences are available at NCBI, USA with accession No EU345005--EU345176.

16.

Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis and Anaerovibrio lipolytica are major tannin tolerant bacteria in goats. Tannins exert detrimental effect on fibrolytic bacteria like Fibrobacter succinigenes and Treponema bryantii. Total bacterial population is not affected by dietary tannins.

17.

Area specific mineral mixture for Panchmahal district has been formulated to makeup the deficiency when fed @ 30g/head/day to dairy animals in addition to the current feeding practices.

Year-2010

18.

Supplementation of 1.25 kg bypass protein concentrate mixture replacing 1kg home–made concentrate mixture in the ration of buffaloes yielding 7.0-9.0 kg milk had similar blood biochemical profile, viz., serum total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.

19.

During early lactation, buffaloes yielding daily 8-12 kg milk, when supplemented with bypass fat @ 20 g/kg milk yield had similar blood biochemical profile, viz., serum total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.

20.

Growing crossbred calves subjected to nutritional inadequacy to the extent of 25% of ICAR standard for 120 days compensated the bodyweight gain during subsequent 60 days, when fed 25% more than the actual requirement with 10% reduction in feed cost per kg live weight gain and without any adverse effect on rumen fermentation, digestibility of nutrients and blood biochemical profile, viz., serum total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase except triglycerides level that was higher during feed restriction.

21.

The inclusion of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 5-10 g/day in concentrate mixture of bullocks have improved digestibility of ether extract and nitrogen free extract by 9 and 6 %, respectively.

The replacement of soyabean meal protein with detoxified jatropha or neem seed cake up to 75% level in the diet of growing kids had no any adverse effect on feed intake, growth performance, nutrient utilization, feed conversion and blood biochemical profile, viz., haemoglobin, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and activities of alanine- aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.

Year-2011

22.

The weaner lambs fed jowar hay (30%) and groundnut gotar (30%) based Total Mixed Ration (TMR-T2) resulted in significantly higher amount of total and protein nitrogen (95.56 & 66.16 mg/dl, respectively) compared to lambs fed TMR based on jowar hay (60%) alone (68.49 and 39.02 mg/dl, respectively). The higher availability of increased protein–N resulted in significantly higher growth rate in weaner lambs.

23.

Restricted feeding of 8-12 months old growing crossbred calves at the rate of 75% of the requirement as per NRC (1989) standards for 3 months followed by re-alimentation for 2 months at the rate of 125% of requirement is a feasible option since it resulted in 29% higher body weight gain without increase in feed cost per kg gain.

24.

Based on the prioritization of limiting minerals in Dahod district, the area specific mineral mixture has been formulated which would make up the deficiency when fed @ 30g/head/day in addition to the current feeding practices to dairy animals.

25.

The replacement of soyabean meal protein with detoxified Jatropha curcas meal at 50% level in the concentrate mixture for buffaloes had no any adverse effect on total milk yield, gross milk composition, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency and blood biochemical profile viz glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin and activities of alanine-aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.

Year-2012

26.

Based on the prioritization of limiting minerals in Kheda district, the area specific mineral mixture has been formulated which would make up the deficiency when fed @ 30g/head/day to adult dairy animals in addition to the current feeding practices.

27.

Restricted feeding to 8 to12 months old growing crossbred calves at the rate 75% of NRC (1989) standard for 60 days followed by re-alimentation of 60 days at the rate of 125% of requirement, the calves gained higher rate (646.56 g/d) as compared to the calves fed 100% (595.89 g/d) of requirement during re-alimentation.

28.

Supplementation of Solid State Fermented (SSF) Biomass @ 4% in Jowar straw: Amul dan (50:50) based Total Mixed Ration improves feed efficiency by 16 % in weaner Surti kids.

Year- 2013

29.

Supplementation of Solid State Fermentation Biomass (SSF) @ 4% in the jowar hay based TMR (75 % roughage:25 % concentrate) significantly improves rumen Total Volatile Fatty Acids Production by 11 % and digestibility of Dry Matter, Organic Matter, Ether Extract, Nitrogen Free  Extract, and Neutral Detergent Fiber by 8-11 % in Surti goats compared to TMR without SSF Biomass.

30.

Based on the prioritization of limiting minerals in Ahmedabad district, the area specific mineral mixture has been formulated which would make up the deficiency when fed @ 30g/head/day to dairy animals in addition to the current feeding practices.

31

The anestrous and repeat breeder buffaloes responded favorably to supplementation of appropriate mineral mixture in ionic/inorganic form. But chelated mineral mixture (Comprising of Zn in chelate form added extra @ 25% to ionic) resulted in better response with 25 & 34% and 27 & 42% lesser cost of rearing for correction of anestrous and repeat breeding in buffaloes in Panchmahal and Vadodara districts, respectively.

Year- 2014

32

Weaned Surti kids during hot humid weather, when supplemented with a combination of bypass fat and yeast each @ 2% of total mixed ration (TMR) resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate and thus reduced the impact of heat stress.

33

The combination of 2% each of bypass fat and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) when supplemented in total mixed ration (TMR) for weaned Surti kids during hot humid weather, the average digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, EE and CF was increased (P<0.05). Similar was the trend for blood glucose. However, the enzyme and mineral profile studied was not affected due to supplementation.

34

Adult Surti goats facing extreme severe stress during hot summer, when fed TMR supplemented with 2% bypass fat or with 2% yeast alone or with combination of bypass fat and yeast, the respiration rate and heart rate were significantly reduced during afternoon as compared to control group indicating thermal comfort.

35

The yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) alone (2%) or combination of 2% each of bypass fat and yeast in total mixed ration (TMR) fed to adult Surti goats resulted in better digestibility of DM, CP & CF. However, EE digestibility was better (P<0.05) in bypass fat supplemented (2%) group.

36

The NFE digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemented group i.e. yeast and bypass fat alone or in combination. The treatment groups did not differ for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol and blood glucose concentration. However, triglycerides concentration was higher in bypass fat alone and in combination groups. Conversely, blood urea nitrogen was significantly reduced in supplemented groups. The creatinine concentration was lower in control and yeast supplemented groups but bypass fat and combination groups recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher value. There was no difference in concentration of serum minerals, viz., calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and magnesium.

37

Based on the prioritization of limiting minerals in Vadodara district, the area specific mineral mixture has been formulated which would make up the deficiency when fed @ 30g/head/day to dairy animals in addition to the current feeding practices.

Year- 2015

38

Supplementation of Fenugreek seeds at 2% level in the total mixed ration for adult goats significantly (P<0.01) improved in vitro digestibility of dry matter and organic matter with reduction in methane emission.

39

The Total Mixed Ration without or with air dried or green date palm leaves replacing jowar hay at 40% DM equivalent basis, had no any adverse effect on voluntary feed intake, body weights and cost of feeding of adult Surti goats and Marwari sheep.

40

Total Mixed Ration without or with air dried or green date palm leaves replacing jowar hay at 40% DM equivalent basis, when fed to adult Surti goats or Marwari sheep did not influence rumen fermentation patterns and digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter, proximate constituents, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre.