1.       

Control of grassy weeds in blackgram following post emergence foliar application of quizalofop ethyl 5 EC @ 50 g a.i. ha^-1 (20 ml formulation per 10 lit water) as post emergence 29 days after sowing, do not pose residue problem in blackgram grains at harvest. Therefore, the PHI of 47 days is recommended.

2.       

Control of grassy weeds in onion following a single spray of quizalofop ethyl 5 EC as post emergence @ 50 g a.i. ha^-1 (20 ml formulation per 10 lit water) 22 days after transplanting, do not pose residue problem in onion plants, if harvested 3 days after application. Therefore, the PHI of 3 days for green onion is recommended. Onion bulbs at harvest were also safe from residue point of view. 

3.       

Two foliar sprays of acephate in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below MRL 0.1 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in brinjal if fruits are harvested 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if acephate is recommended on brinjal.

4.       

Two foliar sprays of profenophos in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in brinjal fruits if harvested 15^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on brinjal.

5.       

Two foliar sprays of triazophos in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below the MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in brinjal if fruits are harvested 15^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if triazophos is recommended on brinjal.

6.       

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from  head formation stage resulted in its residues below  EU/Codex  MRL of 1.0 µg g^-1 in cabbage if harvested even one hour (0-day) after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos is recommended on cabbage.

7.       

Two foliar sprays of profenophos in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from head formation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in cabbage if heads are harvested 7^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on cabbage.

8.       

Two foliar sprays of acephate in capsicum at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residues below MRL of 0.1 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in capsicum fruits if harvested 15^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if acephate is recommended on capsicum.

9.       

Two foliar sprays of profenophos in capsicum at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in capsicum if fruits are harvested from 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on capsicum.

10.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos in capsicum at 10-day interval @250 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in capsicum if fruits are harvested 1 day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if quinalphos is recommended on capsicum.

11.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos in capsicum at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below the MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in  capsicum  if fruits are harvested 7^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested if triazophos is recommended on capsicum.

12.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from curd formation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in cauliflower if harvested 15^th day after second spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos is recommended on cauliflower.

13.    

Two foliar sprays of cypermethrin in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 50 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from curd formation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in cauliflower curd if harvested 5^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if cypermethrin is recommended on cauliflower.

14.    

Two foliar sprays of profenophos in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from curd formation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL 0.05 µg g^-1 in cauliflower curd if harvested 7^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on cauliflower.

15.    

Two foliar sprays of acephate in chilli at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue 0.343 mg g^-1 even on the 15^th day of second application. Based on dissipation study the time required to reach the MRL of 0.1 mg g^-1 (LOQ) could be 22.5 days. Therefore, considering higher PHI (23 days) use of acephate in chilli at fruiting stage should be avoided.

16.    

Two foliar sprays of cypermethrin in chilli at 10-day interval @ 50 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 0.5 µg g^-1 in chilli if fruits are harvested on even 1 hour (0-day) after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if cypermethrin is recommended on chilli.

17.    

Two foliar sprays of profenophos at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residues below the MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ & EU MRL) in chilli fruits if harvested 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on chilli.

18.    

Two foliar sprays of cypermethrin in tomato at 10-day interval @ 50 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residues below EU MRL of 0.5 µg g^-1 in tomato if fruits are harvested even one hour (0-day) after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if cypermethrin is recommended on tomato.

19.    

Two foliar sprays of profenophos in tomato at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below EU MRL of 10.0 µg g^-1 in tomato even if fruits are harvested one hour (0-day) after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on tomato.

20.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos in tomato at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below the MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in tomato if fruits are harvested 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if triazophos is recommended on tomato.

21.    

Two foliar sprays of acephate 75 SP in okra at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residues below the MRL of  0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ-Limit of Quantitation) in okra if fruits are harvested from 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 10-day could be suggested if acephate is recommended on okra.

22.    

Two foliar sprays of profenophos 50 EC in okra at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below MRL 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ - Limit of Quantitation) in okra fruits if harvested 5 days after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if profenophos is recommended on okra.

23.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos 40 EC in okra at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruit initiation stage resulted in its residue below the MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 (LOQ) in okra if fruits are harvested 5 days after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if triazophos is recommended on okra.

24.    

Two foliar sprays of monocrotophos 36 SL in castor at 15-day interval @ 157.32 & 314.64 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from flowering stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg g^-1 in castor oil and cake if harvested 84^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 84-day could be suggested if monocrotophos is recommended on castor with MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 in oil and cake.

25.    

Two foliar sprays of monocrotophos 36 SL in pigeonpea at 15-day interval @ 450 & 900 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from pod formation stage resulted in its residue below determination level of 0.05 µg g^-1 in grains 45 days after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 45-day could be suggested if monocrotophos is recommended on pigeonpea with MRLof 0.05 µg g^-1 in grains.

26.    

Two foliar sprays of monocrotophos 36 SL in mustard leaves at 10-day interval @ 135 & 270 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from pod formation stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg g^-1 in mustard oil and cake if harvested 43 days after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 43-day could be suggested if Monocrotophos is recommended on mustard with MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 for oil and cake.

27.    

Two foliar sprays of phosphamidon 40 SL in mustard at 10-day interval @ 200 & 400 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from flowering stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg g^-1 in mustard oil and cake if harvested 43^rd day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 43-day could be suggested if phosphamidon is recommended on mustard with MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 for oil and cake.

28.    

Three foliar sprays of phenthoate 50 EC in cotton at 15-day interval @ 1000 & 2000 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from flowering and square formation  stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg g^-1 in cotton oil, lint and cake if harvested 29 days after the third spray. Therefore, PHI of 29-day could be suggested if phenthoate is recommended on cotton with MRL of 0.05 µg g^-1 for oil, lint and cake.

29.    

Seed treatment of a combination product ipconazole 25% + metalaxyl 20% - 45 ME in rabi maize @ 0.25 + 0.20 and 0.50 + 0.40 g a.i per kg seed did not result in their residues in immature grain with cob as well as matured grain at harvest. The residues persisted in the seedling only up to the 20^th day from the date of treatment. The combination product if registered for maize can be considered safe from residue point of view.

30.    

Seed treatment  of the combination product penflufen + trifloxystrobin 308 FS @ 15.4 + 15.4 and 30.8 + 30.8 g a.i./100kg seed in chickpea neither revealed residues of any molecule of the mixture nor the metabolite of trifloxystrobin above determination  in  the  green pods collected at pod formation stage  or matured grains and soil collected at the time of harvest.

31.    

Two foliar applications of the combination product of flonicamid + fipronil 30 WG in cotton at 15-day interval starting from flowering and boll formation stage @ 60 + 60 and 120 + 120  g a.i. ha^-1 revealed residues of either product below their determination levels in cotton seed, lint, oil and cake 35 days after the last application. Therefore the PHI of 35 days can be recommended if a mixture of flonicamid 15% + fipronil 15% WG   is recommended in cotton.

32.    

Three foliar applications of spirotetramat 150 OD in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 90 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from flowering stage resulted in its residue below determination level in brinjal fruits within one hour of the last application. Considering the MRL of spirotetramat at the limit of quantitation (LOQ), i.e. 0.05 µg g^-1, PHI of 1-day can be recommended if the insecticide is registered on brinjal.  

33.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in okra at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in okra if fruits are harvested from 3^rd day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 3-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos is recommended on okra with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

34.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in okra at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in okra if fruits are harvested from 3^rdday after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 3-day could be suggested if quinalphos is recommended on okra with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

35.    

Two foliar sprays of ethion 50 EC in okra at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in okra if fruits are harvested from 10^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if ethion is recommended on okra with MRL of 0.01µg g^-1.

36.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in okra at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g-1 in okra if fruits are harvested from 20th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 20-day could be suggested if carbendazimis recommended on okra with MRLof0.01 µg g-1.

37.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in brinjal if fruits are harvested from 5^thday after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos is recommended on brinjal with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

38.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in brinjal if fruits are harvested from 5^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if quinalphos is recommended on brinjal with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

39.    

Two foliar sprays of ethion 50 EC in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in brinjal if fruits are harvested from 15^th day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if ethion is recommended on brinjal with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

40.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i. ha^-1 starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg g^-1 in brinjal if fruits are harvested from 23^rd day after the second spray. Therefore, PHI of 23-day could be suggested if carbendazim is recommended on brinjal with MRL of 0.01 µg g^-1.

41.    

Two foliar sprays of ethion 50 EC in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent head formation resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of  0.05 µg/g in cabbage head if harvested from 7^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 7- day could be suggested if ethion 50 EC is recommended in cabbage with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

42.    

Two foliar sprays of acephate 75 SP in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent head formation resulted in its residue below the MRL 2.0  µg/g (CODEX) immediately after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if acephate 75 SP is recommended in cabbage.

43.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos 40 EC in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent head formation resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in cabbage head if harvested from 10^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if triazophos 40 EC is recommended in cabbage with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

44.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent head formation resulted in 0.70 µg/g residues even on the 15^th day of the last application which being higher than limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of carbendazim 50 WP can be considered for cabbage based in the risk assessment.

45.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in cabbage at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent head formation resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in cabbage head if harvested from 5^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested if quinalphos 25 EC is recommended in cabbage with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

46.    

Two foliar sprays of ethion 50 EC in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent curd formation resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in cauliflower curd if harvested from 15^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if ethion 50 EC is recommended in cauliflower with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

47.    

Two foliar sprays of acephate 75 SP in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent curd formation resulted in 0.12 µg/g residues even on the 15^th day after the last application which being higher than the  limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of acephate 75 SP can be considered for cauliflower based on the risk assessment.

48.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent curd formation resulted in 0.16 µg/g residues even on the  15^th day of the last application which being higher than limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of carbendazim 50 WP can be considered for cauliflower based on the risk assessment.

49.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos 40 EC in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent curd formation resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in cauliflower curd if harvested from 10^th  day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if triazophos 40 EC is recommended in cauliflower with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

50.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in cauliflower at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from 50 per cent curd formation resulted in its residue below its MRL of 0.1 µg/g in cauliflower curd if harvested from 7^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested.

51.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in chilli at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL of 0.2 µg/g in green chilli fruits  if harvested from 5^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 5-day could be suggested.

52.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos 40 EC in chilli at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in green chilli fruits if harvested from 15^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if triazophos 40 EC is recommended in chilli with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

53.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in chilli at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.01 µg/g in green chilli fruits if harvested from 10^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos 20 EC is recommended in chilli with MRL of 0.01 µg/g.

54.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in chilli, at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the MRL 2.0 µg/g (CODEX) in green chilli fruits on the 3^rd day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 3-day could be suggested if carbendazim 50 WP is recommended in chilli.

55.    

Three foliar sprays of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200 – 400 SC in chilli at 10-day interval @ 100 +100 g a.i./ha starting from  fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05  µg/g in green chilli fruits on the 20^th day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 20-day could be suggested if the fluopyram + tebuconazole – 400 SC combination is recommended in chilli with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

56.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in capsicum grown in open field, at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue 0.41 µg/g in the fruits even on the 20^th day after the last application, which being higher than the  limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of carbendazim 50 WP  can be considered for capsicum based on risk assessment.

57.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in capsicum grown in open field at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL 2.0 µg/g (CODEX) in the fruits immediately after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos 20 EC is recommended in capsicum grown in open field.

58.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in capsicum grown in polyhouse at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in the fruits if harvested from 10^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 10-day could be suggested if quinalphos 25 EC is recommended in capsicum grown in polyhouse with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

59.    

Two foliar sprays of triazophos 40 EC in capsicum grown in polyhouse at 10-day interval @ 500 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in the fruits if harvested from 15^th day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if triazophos 40 EC is recommended in capsicum grown in polyhouse with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

60.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in capsicum grown in polyhouse at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL of 2.0 µg/g (CODEX) in the fruits immediately after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos 20 EC is recommended in capsicum grown in polyhouse.

61.    

Two foliar sprays of acephate 75 SP in capsicum grown in polyhouse, at 10-day interval @ 560 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue 0.42 µg/g in the fruits even on the 15^th day after the last application which being higher than limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of acephate 75 SP can be considered for capsicum based on the  risk assessment.

62.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in capsicum grown in polyhouse, at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue 0.25 µg/g in the fruits even on the 20^th day after the  last application which being higher than limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g, label claim of carbendazim 50 WP can be considered for capsicum based on the risk assessment.

63.    

Two foliar sprays of quinalphos 25 EC in tomato at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in tomato fruits if harvested from 7^th  day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested if quinalphos 25 EC is recommended in tomato with MRL of 0.05 µg/g.

64.    

Two foliar sprays of carbendazim 50 WP in tomato at 10-day interval @ 250 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below the MRL 0.5 µg/g (CODEX) in the tomato fruits on the 15^th day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 15-day could be suggested if carbendazim 50 WP is recommended in tomato.

65.    

Two foliar sprays of chlorpyriphos 20 EC in tomato at 10-day interval @ 300 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.01   µg/g in tomato fruits if harvested from 7^th  day after the last spray. Therefore, PHI of 7-day could be suggested if chlorpyriphos 20 EC is recommended in tomato with MRL of 0.01 µg/g.

66.    

Three foliar sprays of imidacloprid 70 WG in tomato at 7-day interval @ 35 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL of 1.0 µg/g in tomato fruits one hour after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if imidacloprid 70 WG is recommended in tomato.   

67.    

Soil drench of fluopyram 400 SC @ 250 g a.i./ha in tomato, twice at 15-day interval  starting from fruiting stage revealed its residue below determination level in tomato fruits even up to 15 days after the last application. Therefore PHI of 1-day could be suggested if fluopyram 400 SC is recommended in tomato.

68.    

Two foliar sprays of imidacloprid 17.8 SL in okra at 10-day interval @ 20 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL of 2.0 µg/g in okra fruits one hour after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested.

69.    

Two foliar sprays of imidacloprid 17.8 SL in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 20 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its MRL 0.01 µg/g  one day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested if imidacloprid 17.8 SL is recommended in brinjal.

70.    

Two foliar sprays of spiromesifen 22.9 SC in brinjal at 10-day interval @ 96 g a.i./ha starting from fruiting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in brinjal fruits one day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be suggested.

71.    

Three foliar sprays of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200 – 400 SC in onion at 10-day interval @ 75 +75 g a.i./ha at bulb setting stage, resulted in the residues below their limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in onion bulb on the 50^th day (harvest) after the last application. Therefore, the PHI of 50-day could be suggested for bulb onion if the fluopyram + tebuconazole – 400 SC combination is recommended in onion with 0.05 µg/g MRL. However, in spring onion as the residue levels being higher than the limit of quantitation even on the 20^th day, risk assessment can be carried out to fix the MRLs.

72.    

Three foliar sprays of flubendiamide 240 + thiacloprid 240 – 480 SC in red gram at 10-day interval @ 48 + 48 g a.i./ha starting from pod formation stage resulted in the residues below their limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in matured pod on the 41^st day (harvest) after the last application. Therefore, the PHI of 41-day could be suggested for matured pod/seed if flubendiamide + thiacloprid – 480 SC combination is recommended in red gram with 0.05   µg/g MRL. However in green pods as the residue levels being higher than the limit of quantitation even on the 20^th day, risk assessment can be carried out to fix the MRLs in green pod.

73.    

Two foliar sprays of trifloxystrobin 25 + tebuconazole 50 – 75 WG in cowpea at 10-day interval @ 87.5+175 g a.i./ha at pod formation stage resulted in the residues below their limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in matured pod /seed on the 42^nd day (harvest) after the last application. Therefore, the PHI of 42-day could be suggested for matured pod if the trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole – 75 WG combination is recommended in cowpea with 0.05 µg/g MRL. However, in green cowpea pods as the residue levels reached below determination limit of 0.05 µg/g on the 20^th day, PHI of 20-day could be suggested for green pods.

74.    

Three foliar sprays of deltamethrin 2.5 EC in chickpea at 7-day interval @ 12.5 g a.i./ha starting from pod setting stage resulted in its residue below its limit of quantitation of 0.05 µg/g in matured pod/seeds on the 37^th day (harvest) after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 37-day could be suggested if deltamethrin 2.5 EC is recommended in chickpea with 0.05 µg/g MRL in seed. However, for green pod, PHI of 7-day could be suggested.

Ozone treatment to pond/river/ground water for 15 min @ 500 mg/hr in 15 mL water can result in > 70% degradation of the listed 99 pesticides. Out of these, 71 pesticides showed degradation > 90%. Pesticides viz., thiacloprid, tricyclazole, phosphamidon, fenamiphossulfone, propoxure, finamiphos-sulfone, simazin, atrazine, chlorantraniliprole and fluopicolide did not degrade by ozone treatment.

List of pesticide degraded more than 90% are metoxuron, diuron, demeton, azoxystrobin, malathion, dimethomorph, triazophos, fenamiphos, phenthoate, quinalphos, anilophos, fenthion, pyraclostrobin, phosalone, spinosyn A & D, emamectin B1a, buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, chlorpyriphos, spiromesifen, propargite, tridemorph, fenpyroximate, fenazaquin, carbosulfan, fipronil-sulfone, temephos, methiocarb, ethiofencarb, butocarboxim, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, diethofencarb, forchlorfenuron, isoproturon, neburon, pirimicarb, siduron, butafenacil, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, flutolanil, furulaxyl, imazalil, mepanipyrim, mepronil, picoxystrobin, piperonyl-butoxide, prochloraz, pyracarbolid, pyrimethanil, rotenone, spiroxamine, bupirimate, carboxin, clethodim, ethiprole, fenamidone, methoprotryne, prometryn, terbutryn, triflumizole, diniconazole, fenpropimorph, mexacarbate, aminocarb, pencycuron and fluazinam

A new innovative QuEChERS method for multi-residue analysis of 130 pesticide compounds in water is developed with LOQ 0.5 ppb. This method can reduce the analysis time, use fewer reagents in small amounts and provide high recovery for routine monitoring of pesticides residue from water. The method can very well match the requirements for WHO and BIS standards for most pesticides.

Multiresidue analysis of cumin seeds by LC-MS/MS showed acceptable performance of 98 pesticides when fortified at 0.1 µg/g.

List of pesticides showed acceptable performance are aldicarb, aldicarb-sulfone, aldicarbsulfoxide, anilofos, bendiocarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, cymoxanil, dichlorvos, diniconazole, edifenphos, etaconazole, fenamidone, fenamiphos, fenamiphos-sulfone, fenamiphossulfoxide, fenarimol, fenobucarb, fenthion, flonicamid, fluopicolide, flusilazole, indoxacarb, isoproturon, linuron, malaoxon, metoxuron, metribuzin, oxycarboxin, penconazole, pencycuron, pretilachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propoxur, quizalofop- 109 ethyl, simazine, demeton-S-methyl sulphoxide, demeton-S-methyl-sulfone, carboxin, demeton-O, demeton-S, triadimefon, fenpyroximate, abamectin, carbosulfan, acephate, acetamiprid, atrazine, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbofuran-3- hydroxy, carbofuran-3-keto, clothianidin, dimethoate, dimethomorph, diuron, fenazaquin, imidacloprid, iprobenfos, metalaxyl, methamidophos, methomyl, monocrotophos, myclobutanil, omethoate, phenthoate, phorate-sulfone, phorate-sulfoxide, phosalone, phosphamidon, profenofos, propargite, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, tebuconazole, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, triazophos, chlorfenvinphos, chlorantraniliprole, difenoconazole, fipronil, fipronil-sulfide, fipronil-sulfone, thiophanate-methyl, malathion, tricyclazole, alachlor, chlorpyriphos, ethion, fenpropathrin, thiodicarb, trifloxystrobin, dicofol.

Dipping green chilli fruits in 5% aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate for 10 min effectively removed acephate (17.9%), cypermethrin (53.52%), acetamiprid (20.51%), imidacloprid (27.10%), thiamethoxam (30.49%), carbendazim (81.07%) and fipronil (92.71%). Even IIHR product, Arka Herbiwash was found effective as dipping chilli fruits for 15 seconds in 0.02% aqueous solution, followed by washing under running tap water for 1 min removed cypermethrin (93.66%), acetamiprid (15.38%), profenophos (23.18%), chlorpyriphos (39.15%), carbendazim (90.85%) and fipronil (92.71%).

Single soil drench application of fluopyram 400 g/L SC in chilli @ 500 g a.i./ha at 3 days after transplanting resulted residue below the Codex MRL (CODEX) of 3.0 mg/kg in chilli fruits if harvested 81 days after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 81 days could be suggested if fluopyram is recommended in chilli.

OR

First soil drench application of fluopyram 400 g/L SC in chilli @ 250 g a.i./ha at 3 days after transplanting followed by 21 days after first application resulted residue below the Codex MRL (CODEX) of 3.0 mg/kg in chilli fruits if harvested 60 days after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 60 days could be suggested if fluopyram is recommended in chilli.

Five applications of fosetyl-aluminum 80 WP as soil drenching in banana at one month interval starting from two months of planting @ 1.2 g/liter water/plant resulted in its residue below the limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg/kg and/or EU MRL of 2.0 mg/kg in banana fruits if harvested from 67 days after the last application.

Two foliar applications of the ready-mix insecticide cyantraniliprole 7.3% + diafenthiuron 36.4% SC in okra at 10-day interval @ 60 + 300 g a.i./ha at fruiting stage resulted in cyantraniliprole and diafenthiuron residues below their MRLs (FSSAI) of 0.5 and 0.6 mg/kg in okra fruits if harvested one day after the last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be proposed if cyantraniliprole 7.3% + diafenthiuron 36.4% SC is registered for okra.

Three foliar applications of the ready-mix insecticide fluopyram 200 g/L + tebuconazole 200g/L SC in banana at 10-day interval @ 120 + 120 g a.i./ha at fruit development stage resulted in its residue below the MRLs 0.8 (CODEX) and 1.5 (FSSAI) mg/kg in immature and mature banana as well as pulp of mature banana for fluopyram and tebuconazole, respectively, if harvested from the day of last application. Therefore, PHI of 1-day could be proposed if fluopyram 200 g/L + tebuconazole 200 g/L is registered for banana.