RESEARCH STATION

1. Name of the Centre:

Animal Nutrition Research Department, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry

2. Year of establishment: 1942

3. Introduction:

The department started as a constituent of Mungalal Goenka Institute of Animal Genetics and Nutrition, which formed a part of the Institute of Agriculture, Anand. One of the objects of this institution was to carry out research in Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Animal Breeding and Animal Nutrition. The research work on these subjects commenced from 1942 onwards after the acquisition of land and construction of requisite buildings. As the laboratory facilities were not available here during the early years of the institute, the laboratories of the Agricultural Chemist, Baroda state were utilized for the research work in animal nutrition and dairy science section of the institute till 1945; from this period onwards the laboratory facilities were made available here and research problems on animal nutrition and dairy science were taken up.

As some useful research work on increasing fodder production, increasing milk production and proper feeding of farm animals was being carried out at this institute during its initial stage, the Government of India considered this to be a suitable place for locating one of the regional stations in Animal Nutrition in this country. As a result of this, the Western Regional Animal Nutrition Research Station was established here in the year 1952.

In the earlier stage it included the following items of work:

1) General survey of feeds and fodders in the integrating states – Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

2) Survey of feeding practices and the nutritional status of the cattle in the above mentioned states.

3) Blood norms for morphological constituents, minerals and vitamins in the blood of different categories of cattle.

During the earlier period of the scheme, actual position regarding the feeds and fodders available and the feeding practices in the various states of the region were surveyed and after studying them to the extent possible due recommendations have been made for suitable modifications in the productions of feeds and fodders in the mode of their utilization wherever necessary. Consequently, an ad-hoc committee appointed by the I.C.A.R. suggested that these regional stations should take up long-term experiments, which should throw some light on the appropriate nutritional requirements for different categories of animals. Studies of the blood picture of some important breeds of cattle as well as about some new feeds were also taken up. Survey of nutritional status of cattle in the region with respect to carotene / vitamin A and minerals including trace elements in blood and experiments to rectify the deficiencies by supplemental feeding was taken up. Economics of different balanced ration for milk production and growth was taken up. Demonstration of results achieved on the feeding of (a) cotton seed Vs cottonseed cake or balanced mixture and (b) Production of fodders with guinea grass and lucerne. Estimation of carotene and vitamin A in different items of feed fed during different seasons in the blood. Study on the effect of plane of nutrition (energy and protein) on efficiency of growth. Chemical composition of feeds received through I.S.I. and similar other institution was also taken up. Since the emphasis on the requirements of the region for which these stations function changed from time to time and another Ad-hoc committee reviewed the work of these stations and suggested new lines of work.

4. Faculty Information:

Sr. No.	Name and Designation	Qualification	Total experience in years	Specialized subject	Topics of experience/ expertise	Phone/Email
1	Dr. Subhash Parnerkar Research Scientist & Head	M.V.Sc. Ph. D	35	Animal Nutrition	Nutrition of small/large ruminants, Mineral Nutrition and Nutritional Biotechnology	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 09825166013 Parnerkar@ aau.in
2	Dr. R.S. Gupta Research Scientist	M.V.Sc. Ph. D	34	Animal Nutrition	Ruminant Nutrition and utilization of agro industrial byproducts as animal feed.	(O) 02692 263440 (R) 02692 263134 (M) 09879807718 anrsg @aau.in
3	Mr. G. R. Patel Assistant Research Scientist	M.Sc. (Ext. Edu.)	35	Extension Education	Ruminant Nutrition and AH Extension Feed manufacturing	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 09898531335 grp121253@aau.in
4	Dr. D. C. Patel Associate Research Scientist	M. Sc. Ph. D	32	Animal Nutrition	Ruminant Nutrition and utilization of agro industrial byproducts as animal feed.	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 09898590227 dcp1111@aau.in
5	Dr. P.R. Pandya Associate Research Scientist	M.V.Sc. Ph. D	27	Animal Nutrition	Nutrition of small/large ruminants and Nutritional Biotechnology	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 7600443854 pareshpandya@aau.in
6	Dr. M. A. Shekh Assistant Research Scientist	M.V.Sc	15	Animal Nutrition	Animal Nutrition	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 9601277950 shekhmakbul@aau.in
7	Dr. B.R. Devalia Assistant Research Scientist	M.V.Sc.	19	Animal Nutrition	Animal Nutrition	(O) 02692 263440 (M) 9429070704 bharatdevalia@ aau.in

5. Agro-climatic information of the Center

Name of the Agro-climatic zone: Middle Gujarat Agro-Climatic Zone – III (AES – II)

Rainfall: 800mm to 1000 mm, Rainy days: 35-40

Soil: The soil of the area is locally known as goradu soil and it is alluvial in nature. The texture is sandy loam.

Temperature: -Max. (^oC): 45;

Min. (^oC): 32

Geographical Details: The zone is situated between 21˙50’ to 23˙25’N

latitude and 72˙32’ to 74˙35’ E longitude.

Soil Properties : Type : Sandy loam to loamy sand ;

pH : 7.6 to 8.1

6. Infrastructure:

Total area of farm: 1.19 hectare

Farm area under cultivation: 1.0 hectare

Area under farm structure/ buildings: 0.19 hectare

Irrigated area: 1.0 hectare

Source of irrigation: Tube well of other department

Special Facilities if any: –

7. Mandate:

1) To enable the cattle owners to pay sufficient attention in feeding of their livestock.

2) To solve the problems of animal nutrition and thus to help and guide people in proper feeding of their animals with proper utilization of the feeds available and also for increasing the feeds and fodder production.

3) Carry out the experiments, which can throw light on appropriate nutritional requirements for different categories of animals in different regions.

8. Objectives:

(I) ANIMAL NUTRITION RESEARCH STATION (B. H. 5029).

1) To know the existing status of the quality of available feeds and fodder and feeding practices of cattle adopted by the cattle owners.

2) Providing basic data on nutrition of cattle and buffaloes to cattle owners and other persons of institutions concerned with animal nutrition.

3) Conducting research to have further knowledge regarding new feed resources and feed supplements and problems faced by cattle owners.

(II) Centre of EXCELLENCE FOR ANIMAL nutrition (B.H. 12971).

1) To create facilities to impart quality education and training to under graduate and post graduate students, including exchange programme with foreign universities and institutions.

2) To create Research infrastructure for work in the frontier areas:

2.1 Manipulation of Rumen ecosystem through biotechnological Interventions to improve animal Productivity. Testing of genetically modified feeds.

2.2 Develop Area specific micronutrient supplements to enhance animal production and reproduction.

2.3 Establishment of facilities for estimation of anti-nutritional factors in feeds and fodders and their amelioration.

3) Establishment of modern feed quality testing laboratory.

4) Establishment of Modern Feed Technology Unit: This Unit will be having (i) Pilot Scale Modern Feed Plant with facility for pelleting; (ii) Pilot Scale Unit to prepare supplements and premixes; (iii) crop residue enrichment and densification unit.

5) Human resource development : To establish Centre for Training in Animal Nutrition to provide quality training to the Field Veterinarians, Animal Husbandry Officers, Quality Control Officers, Extension Workers and demonstration to farmers – the effective biomass management techniques and their efficient utilization in feeding of animals.

(III) Effect of phytochemicals on nutrient utilization, health attributes and production of ruminants (B.H. 12993-06)

1)	To screen potential phytochemical feed additives for their efficacy on rumen fermentation parameters and in inhibition of methanogenesis.
2)	To ascertain the effect of the above selected herbal additive/ a combination of additives on microbial ecology of rumen.
3)	To test the influence of selected additive(s) on growth, nutrient utilization, antioxidant status, health and immunity of ruminants.
4)	To test the selected and proven herbal combinations on nutrient utilization and productivity of ruminants.

(IV) ESTIMATION OF METHANE EMISSION UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING SYSTEMS AND DEVELOPMENT OF MITIGATION STRATEGIES (B.H. 2029).

1) To assess the methane production from buffaloes fed legume straw based diets

2) Methane mitigation using total mixed ration/complete feed blocks.

(V) ENTREPRENEURSHIP ORIENTED LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEED MANUFACTURING UNIT ( B.H. 2030-16 ).

1) Undergraduate Education Entrepreneurship Programme

The main reason for low productivity of our animals is imbalanced or inadequate feeding. The cost of production of milk, meat and eggs in the livestock industry is directly related to feed cost which is approximately 70-75% of the total operational cost. Improving feed efficiency is important in maximizing profitability. Production of quality feed involves:

· Procurement of feed ingredients-purchasing

· Sampling and evaluation

· Chemical analysis of feed ingredients

· Storage of feed ingredients and handling

· Manufacturing process

· Handling, quality control and marketing of finished products.

There will be five components of the proposed feed production unit.

1. Compound cattle and poultry feed plant

2. Bypass protein manufacturing unit

3. Mineral mixture and pre-mixes unit

4. Unit for enrichment and densification of crop residues

The crop residues are bulky, and low in nutritive value, yet form the bulk of basal diet of ruminants in India. If they are supplemented with low cost deficient nutrients and then densified, it is possible to save the transportation cost, storage space and at the same time their nutritive value can be improved for better growth and milk production.

Feed efficiency of livestock is only improved by balanced feeding of quality feed with adequate supplements. Feeding bypass protein is an economical way to increasing ruminant production. Appropriate mineral mixtures are required for curing deficiencies and improve productivity.

The Animal Nutrition subject is presently taught in the third and fourth semester. The establishment of unit would create facilities to impart quality education training and hands-on experience to under-graduate students with elements of precision, reliability and repeatability. The feed production unit would also provide them a sort of industry-attachment and prepare them for future with needed confidence and expertise. Besides, the unit would be able to demonstrate the technologies, products, processes and value addition methods. The unit will earn profit from sell of feed and feed supplements and testing of private samples received for various quality parameters.

9. Projects Operating at the Research Station:

Sr. No	Name of scheme	Budget Head	Type of scheme	Funding agency
1	Animal Nutrition Research Station	5029	Government of Gujarat	Government of Gujarat
2	Centre of Excellence for Animal Nutrition	12971	Government of Gujarat	Government of Gujarat
3	Estimation of methane emission under different feeding systems and development of mitigation strategies.	2029	ICAR	ICAR
4	Effect of Phytochemicals on Nutrient Utilization, Health Attributes and Production of Ruminants (B.H. 12993-06)	12993-06	Government of Gujarat	Government of Gujarat
5	Entrepreneurship Oriented Livestock and Poultry Feed Manufacturing Unit	2030-16	ICAR	ICAR

10. Research Activities.

Animal Nutrition Survey in different districts of Gujarat state to study the available feeds and fodder resources.

Feed formulae relevant to particular area suggested on the basis of

availability of feeds and fodder.

Recommendation made to supplement mineral mixture including the

trace elements found deficient in feeds and fodder of particular district.

Determination of nutritive value of several feeds and fodder available

and fed to animals . Nutritive value of about more than 80 feeds ingredients

has been determined.

Long term and short term feeding experiments are being carried out to

know the nutritional requirement of various categories of animals.

The work on augmentation and utilization of new agro industrial byproducts and waste materials for livestock and poultry.

Incriminating factors in feeds and fodder are determined and ways and means for reduction of these factors by economic and practicable methods are being suggested.

Study on effect of feeding on haematological and chemical constituents of blood of animals and to establish blood norms of various animals.

To develop the feeding strategy for feeding of animals during scarcity.

Formulation and evaluation of different types of complete feeds and total mixed rations for feeding of different categories of livestock.

Formulation of draft standards for different feeds for Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS); New Delhi.

To determine the mineral status of feeds, fodder, soil and blood in different agro-climatic zones of the state and to develop suitable technology for supplementation of appropriate mineral mixture in the deficient areas.

To enhance the feed efficiency of livestock and poultry through use of different feed additives including enzymes and probiotics.

The in vitro dry matter digestibility and methane production from different feeds and fodder.

11. Research Recommendations made for the Farmers

(Approved In Joint AGRESCO) (1984 onwards)

1	Single cell protein can be used up to 20% level in concentrate mixture for growing calves.
2.	It is beneficial to treat groundnut cake with 50g tannic acid/kg of groundnut cake. Nitrogen utilization and growth performance can be improved by treating groundnut cake.
3.	Gram chuni provide 10% digestible crude protein (DCP) and 81% total digestible nutrients (TDN). It should be fed with phosphorus rich feeds (rice polish or wheat bran).
4.	It is desirable to feed caged layers low energy low protein feed (2,500 ME, 16% protein). The birds on this nutritional regime had higher egg production and lower feed consumption per dozen of eggs as well as per kilogram of eggs. This also provided higher return over feed cost Rs. 49.34 per bird/year.
5.	Subabul seeds are good source of digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and provide 10.6% DCP and 68.4% TDN. It will be a future source of feed ingredient after research trials.
6.	In coastal areas of Valsad district there is shortage of fodder especially green fodder. Only cher and aal grasses are available in limited quantities. Hence extension work is necessary for popularizing production of salt resistant grasses. Research work for evolving suitable fodders varieties, which can grow under shade of sapota and mango, may be taken up in Valsad district. Supplementation of zinc and zinc rich feeds (rice polish and cakes) is necessary while using deficient fodders in Valsad district.
7.	Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plants grow abundantly in waste land and forest in Valsad district. The seeds are useful for feeding of animals. There is a need for collection of Cassia tora seeds. This will reduce shortage of feeds and will provide employment to rural and tribal people.
8.	Subabul seeds can be included up to 30% in the concentrate mixture for adult cross- bred bullocks.
9.	Straw-Urea-Molasses blocks provided 2% DCP and 49% TDN.
10.	Silage of Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plant can be prepared with addition of 1.5% molasses and 1.5% salt. It is palatable to cattle and provided 6.3% DCP and 47.2% TDN on dry matter basis. However, supplementation of phosphorus rich feeds (rice polish, wheat bran) or mineral mixture is necessary while feeding Cassia tora (Kuvadia) plant silage alone.
11.	Corn steep liquor in the concentrate mixture is found to be palatable to the adapted animals and it can be fed up to 15% level in concentrate mixture of growing cross -bred calves.
12.	Paper wastes are found palatable to crossbred F₁ bullocks (J x K) in complete feed and can be fed at 15% level to bullocks for maintenance during scarcity period.
13.	Subabul seeds are found palatable to inter-se mated crossbred calves in the compounded concentrate mixture. The subabul seeds can be used with ferrous sulphate supplementation (0.02%) at 30 per cent level in concentrate mixture of growing crossbred calves.
14.	Urea treated wheat straw (4%) provided 1.38% DCP and 50.61% TDN on dry matter basis. Urea treatment has improved the nutritive value of wheat straw to some extent.
15.	Urea treatment of paddy straw was found beneficial and there was 12-15% increase in TDN content of paddy straw due to 4% urea treatment. Urea treated paddy straw provided 60.97% TDN on dry matter basis.
16.	Subabul seeds are palatable to lactating cows and can be incorporated at 15% level in the concentrate mixture for lactating cows as new source of feed ingredient.
17.	High protein concentrate mixture manufactured earlier by Amul provides 24.28 % DCP and 60.08% TDN on dry matter basis.
18.	Sorghum (jowar) gluten provides 16.60% DCP and 65.24% TDN on dry matter basis. It will be a good source of protein and energy for cattle feeds. There is a need for supplementation of calcium by calcium rich feed (legume fodder) or addition of lime stone (0.5%) in feeds containing sorghum gluten.
19.	Feeding of urea treated wheat straw to growing heifers in combination with reduced supply of concentrate mixture (125 g of concentrate mixture equivalent to 1 kg urea treated straw) increased digestibility and protein content of wheat straw due to 4% urea treatment. This is economically advantageous.
20.	Newly evolved variety of perennial grass Coimbatore-1 provides 7.43% DCP and 64.4% TDN on dry matter basis.
21.	Jowar cake provides 1.33% DCP and 67.16% TDN on dry matter basis. It will be a good source of energy for cattle. There is a need to supplement additional source of protein with jowar cake based ration.
22.	Corn steep liquor can be used in cockerel ration up to 8% level without affecting the performance of the cockerels.
23.	Kardi cake (safflower cake) provide 6.89% DCP and 42.94% TDN on dry matter basis.
24.	It is recommended to the progressive farmers that corn steep liquor is found to be a good source of protein as well as energy and can be used in caged broiler ration up to 8% level without adversely affecting their performance. Simultaneously it helps in reducing the cost of feeding (Rs/kg gain) and increase cost: benefit ratio too.
25.	The combination of wheat straw and groundnut gotar in the ratio of 60:40 when fed to cattle provides 3.90% DCP and 56.77% TDN on dry matter basis. Mineral mixture (30g/day/animal) or other phosphorus rich feeds like wheat bran or rice polish should be supplemented when this combination is fed.
26.	Rape seed cake (solvent extracted) provides 31.56% DCP and 66.74% TDN to cattle. It is less palatable as sole feed and hence mixing with some palatable feed like wheat bran is necessary.
27.	Feeding of babul pods chuni (Coarsely ground babul pods) can safely be incorporated at 7.5% levels in the concentrate mixture of growing crossbreed calves without any adverse effect on growth, feed intake and health. It was found to be 20.3 and 9.3 per cent economical, respectively over control i.e. conventional concentrate mixture (T₁) and unconventional concentrate mixture (T₂) similar to compound cattle feed from co-operative sector.
28.	Babul pods chuni (Coarsely ground pods) can be incorporated up to 15% level in concentrate mixture of lactating animals with economic advantage.
29.	Monensin feeding @ 200 mg/day/animal for seven weeks to lactating HF cows has not shown any beneficial effect on production.
30.	Complete feeds containing 50 % wheat straw, non conventional feeds (10% Prosopis juliflora pods, 6.5% mango seed kernels with conventional ingredients) 21% G.N.C, 10% molasses, 1% mineral mixture, 0.5% Urea and 1% salt can be fed to growing calves without any adverse effect on growth and with economic advantage.
31.	Complete feeds containing 60% wheat straw (22.5% G.N.C., 5% Prosopis juliflora pods, 10% Molasses, 0.5% Urea, 1% salt, 1% Mineral mixture) provide 9.71% DCP and 54.21% TDN which is adequate for maintenance of adult cattle.
32.	Feeding of whole banana plant (stem & leaves) with dry fodder can maintain cattle and buffaloes.
33.	Pigeon pea gotar and wheat straw in 75: 25 ratio provide sufficient nutrition for maintenance of dairy cattle.
34.	Complete feeds based on 45% wheat straw and non-conventional feeds (Prosopis juliflora pods 14% and babul seeds chuni 3.5%) with 25% deoiled groundnut cake, 10% Molasses, 0.5% Urea, 1% salt and 1% mineral mixture for lactating cows can sustain production and reduce feed cost per kg milk by 36.58% compared to conventional system of feeding.
35.	Corn steep liquor, a byproduct of maize starch industry can safely be incorporated at 30% level in concentrate mixture for maintenance of adult cattle / bullocks.
36.	Chaffed whole banana plant can be fed to adult cattle along with dry fodder (in 10:1 ratio) for maintenance when supplemented with 1 kg compounded concentrate mixture.
37.	Salicornia straw can replace 25% of basal roughage (wheat straw) in the ration of adult cattle.
38.	Total mixed ration comprising 45% ground wheat straw, 24% deoiled groundnut cake, 14% Prosopis juliflora pods, 3.5% babul seed chuni, 10% molasses, 1% salt, 2% mineral mixture and 0.5% urea is as good for lactating cows as any complete feed and is at the same time cheaper by 8.7%.
39.	Complete feed and TMR based on 52 % wheat straw,23 % GNC, 10 % Prosopis juliflora pods, 8 % corn steep liquor, 5 % Molasses,1 % salt and 1 mineral mixture can be used as ration of growing crossbred calves without any adverse effect on growth rate, digestibility and nutrient utilization. The feed cost per kg gain decreased by 46.35 and 35.84 % in complete feed and TMR respectively, over conventional ration.
40.	Four percent urea treatment of roughage left over with supplementation of molasses/ salt can meet energy needs of non-producing large ruminants. However, it is advisable to feed 0.5kg protein & phosphorus rich feed [e.g. groundnut cake] to each animal per day to meet their protein & phosphorous requirements.
41.	Complete feed with 42% threshed wheat straw, 25% deoiled groundnut cake, 10% Prosopis juliflora pods, 8% rice polish, 12 % molasses, 2% mineral mixture and 1% salt can be used as ration for calves without any adverse effect on growth, rumen fermentation and digestibility. It reduces feed cost per kg gain by 33% over conventional system of feeding.
42.	Gatton panic grass hay provided 1.64% DCP and 60.43% TDN on dry matter basis.
43.	Incorporation of Mango seed kernel @ 10% in broiler starter feed improves feed efficiency by 11.52% with 25.68 % more returns over feed cost.
44.	The farmers of Mehsana district are advised to be cautious while purchasing some private compound concentrate mixtures as these are low in protein and high in crude fiber and silica content. Similarly, maize bharda sold in local market is also found adulterated and poor in nutritive value.
45.	The lactating buffaloes of Satlasana, Becharaji and Kadi talukas yielding above 5 liters of milk per day were underfed for energy and that of Becharaji and Kadi for both, protein and energy. Hence, the farmers of Satlasana are advised to feed additional 1.25 kg and that of Kadi and Becharaji, 1.25 kg grain or grain byproduct with 0.5 kg oil cake.
46.	During summer, the protein intake of dry buffaloes was found short of the requirement in Satlasana, Becharaji and Kadi talukas of Mehsana district. The farmers are advised to feed additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to bridge this gap.
47.	The farmers of Dediyapada taluka of Narmada district are advised to feed additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to the lactating buffaloes. The cow heifers and dry cows of Dang and buffalo heifers of Narmada district should be fed additional 250 g oil cake or 500 g compound concentrate mixture. The farmers of Halvad taluka in Surendranagar district are advised to feed 2 kg compound concentrate mixture or 1 kg oil cakes to their lactating buffaloes giving more than 5 kg of milk and compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffalo heifers and 1 kg to cow heifers.
48.	To ensure adequate supply of zinc, the farmers of districts Dang, Valsad, Narmada and Surendranagar are advised to supplement mineral mixture as per BIS specifications daily 40 g to their lactating cows, buffaloes and pregnant animals and 30 g to heifers and bullocks.
49	The farmers of Surat district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1-1.5 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 5-8 kg milk and 2.5-3.0 kg to animals producing up to 15 kg milk per day during summer and during monsoon on account of green fodder availability, 1.0 kg to buffaloes producing 5-8 kg and 1.5-2.0 kg to cows and buffaloes producing 8-12 kg milk”.
50	The total mixed ration comprising of 50% bajri straw can support daily gain over 500 g when fed to 6-9 months old crossbred calves and was superior to total mixed ration either with 40 or 60% bajri straw.
51	The farmers of Navasari district are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to cows producing 8-10 kg milk and 0.5 kg to cattle and buffalo heifers respectively. They are also advised to supplement all categories of dairy animals 30 g of mineral mixture (without salt) as per BIS specifications.
52	The farmers of Bharuch district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.0 kg to the lactating buffaloes producing 5.5-9 kg milk and to feed 45g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to lactating cows producing 6-15kg and buffaloes 5.5-9 kg milk and to pregnant, dry and, buffalo heifers and bullocks.
53	The farmers of Vadodara district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1 kg to the lactating buffaloes of Savli taluka and to the other buffaloes producing 9-12 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 50 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to all categories of dairy animals.
54	The farmers of Anand district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 1.5 kg to buffaloes producing 12-15 kg milk. They are also advised to feed 30 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to pregnant cows, buffaloes and bullocks.
55	The farmers of Mahuva and Gadhda taluka of Bhavnagar district are advised to feed 75 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to the lactating cows and buffaloes and 50 g to other categories of cattle and buffaloes.
56	In Porbandar district, the farmers are advised to feed mineral mixture as per BIS specifications 150g to lactating and pregnant cows and buffaloes and 50g to dry buffaloes and heifers.
57	The farmers of Jamnagar district are advised to feed extra compound concentrate mixture 0.5 kg to cows producing 14-16 kg and 2kg to buffaloes producing 11-13.5 kg to bridge the gap of protein supply. They are also advised to feed 100 g mineral mixture as per BIS specifications to Lactating and Pregnant cows and Buffaloes.
58	The farmers of Panchmahal district are advised to feed daily additional compound concentrate mixture respectively, 1.25 kg and 2.0 kg to indigenous cows (receiving 1.70 kg) and buffaloes (receiving 2.00 kg) producing up to 5 kg and 6-10 kg (cows receiving 2.20 kg and buffaloes 2.9 kg) milk/day during winter.
59	The crossbred cows of Panchmahal district producing 5-15 kg (receiving 2.6 to 4.6 kg) and more than 15 kg (receiving 5.3 kg) milk daily, should be fed additional 2 and 3 kg compound concentrate mixture, respectively during winter. However, during monsoon, cows producing daily 5-15 kg milk (receiving 3.6 to 5.5 kg), should be fed additional 1-1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture.
60	Compared to conventional feeding system, bullocks can be maintained at 15% less feed cost on complete feed comprising of Bajri straw, 70%; Corn steep liquor, 15%; Deoiled Ground nut cake, 3%; Wheat bran, 2%; Deoiled Rice Bran, 3%; Molasses, 5%; Mineral mixture as per BIS specification, 1% ; Salt, 0.5%; Urea, 0.5 % and Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃@ 1000 I.U. /kg.
61	In growing crossbred calves feeding of 60% bajra straw based feed block (Bajra straw, 60%; Deoiled GNC, 18%; Maize, 5%; Rice polish, 5%; Molasses, 10 %; Min. Mix. as per BIS specification, 1%; Salt, 0.5%; Urea, 0.5 % and Vit. A @ 3000 I.U. / kg and Vit. D₃@ 1000 I.U./kg) can support daily gain of 380 g similar to conventional feeding system with 25.2 % saving in feed cost.
62	In Dahod district, buffaloes yielding 5-10 kg and 10.5 - 12.5 kg milk /day, respectively on an average feeding of 2.0 to 5.3 and 3.6 to 5.2 kg concentrate mixture daily. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg to buffaloes producing 5-10 kg milk per day during monsoon, summer and winter, while buffaloes yielding daily 10.5 to 12.5 kg need to be given additional 1.5 and 2.5 kg compound concentrate mixture during summer and winter.
63	In Dahod district, the crossbred cows yielding 8-12 kg milk per day receive on an average 4.0 kg concentrate mixture during winter. To fulfill their nutrient requirement, the dairy farmers are advised to feed additional 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture.
64	Inclusion of 900 g of formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal (bypass protein) replacing 1.6 kg compound concentrate mixture in mature pasture grass (Dicanthium annulatum) based ration of growing crossbred calves of 6-12 21 months results in 39% higher growth without any increment in the feed cost per kg gain.
65	Buffalo female calves of 6-12 months age when fed concentrate mixture with bypass protein (formaldehyde treated Guar bhardo,16.0 %; Groundnut extraction 5 % and Rapeseed extraction, 5.0 %) attain 35 % higher body weight gain with a reduction in the feed cost by 19 percent.
66	Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate in the ration of crossbred cows yielding 15-17 kg milk increases milk fat % and fat yield and results in higher return.
67	Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated rapeseed meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.0 kg of homemade concentrate mixture in the ration of cross-bred cows yielding daily 20 kg milk results in increased milk fat and higher return.
68	In Sabarkantha district, the crossbred cows yielding 6-8, 9-12 and 13-14 kg milk per day respectively, on an average get daily 3.7, 4.4 and 5.4 kg concentrate mixture during summer. In order to fulfill their requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 0.6 kg to cows yielding daily 6-12 kg and 1.0 kg to that yielding daily 13-14 kg milk.
69	In Sabarkantha district buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7-9 and 10-12 kg milk/day respectively, on an average get daily 3.2, 3.7 and 5.3 kg concentrate mixture. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional compound concentrate mixture 0.6, 1.25 and 1.70 kg to buffaloes yielding daily 5-7, 7-9 and 10-12 kg milk during summer and 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 kg during monsoon, respectively.
70	Supplementation of 1.0 kg of formaldehyde treated Guar meal (bypass protein) replacing 2.5 kg concentrate in the ration of buffaloes yielding 7-8 kg milk increased milk fat (0.68%) and fat yield (21%) and resulted in Rs.27.0 more daily return per buffalo.
71	Supplementation of bypass fat (calcium salts of long chain fatty acids) @ 200 g daily in concentrate mixture to early lactating buffaloes yielding 9-10 22 kg milk per day increases milk production (4.72 %) and fat (0.75 %) and resulted in Rs.21.0 more daily return per buffalo
72	The inclusion of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) @ 5 g/day in concentrate mixture of growing Kankrej calves resulted in 16% higher growth without any increment in the feed cost.
73	In Kheda district, buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7-9 and 9-12 kg milk/day receive on an average daily 4.1, 4.2, and 5.3 kg concentrate mixture, respectively. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed additional 1.0 and 1.5 kg compound concentrate mixture during winter to buffaloes yielding daily 5-7, and 7-9 kg and 1.5 kg round the year to buffaloes that yield daily 9-12 kg milk.
74	In Kheda district, the bullocks receive on an average daily less than 200 g concentrate mixture during winter and summer seasons. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement for maintenance, the farmers are advised to feed additional 800g compound concentrate mixture or 4.0 kg green leguminous fodder.
75	Total mixed ration comprising of 50 % mature pasture grass and 50 % compound concentrate mixture with bypass protein source resulted in 22 % more body weight gain in crossbred calves without any increase in feed cost.
76	The feed cost of raising weaner kids and lambs fed jowar hay (30%) and groundnut gotar (30%) based Total Mixed Ration can be reduced by 25 to 30% compared to TMR based on jowar hay (60%) alone.
77	In Ahmedabad district buffaloes yielding 5-7, 7.5-9.5 and 10-12 kg milk/day, on an average received daily 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 kg concentrate mixture, respectively. In order to fulfill their nutrient requirement, the farmers are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture in summer to buffaloes yielding 5-7 kg milk and 0.5 kg compound concentrate mixture round the year to buffaloes yielding daily 7.5-12 kg milk.
78	The cost of feeding (Rs/kg gain) in coloured broilers was reduced by 14.5% when probiotics was supplemented @ 100 g and 50 g/tonne of feed during starter and finisher phase, respectively.
79	In tribal areas like Kadana taluka of Panchmahals and Chhota udepur taluka of Vadodara district during 90 days of early lactation, inclusion of bypass fat @ 15g/kg milk yield in the ration of buffaloes yielding 6 to 7 kg results in improvement in yield of whole milk, percentage of fat and the efficiency of feed conversion and increase in income by 21 to 23%.
80	In tribal areas like Kadana taluka of Panchmahals and Chhota udepur taluka of Vadodara district during 90 days of early lactation, inclusion of concentrate mixture with bypass protein in the ration of buffaloes yielding daily 6 to 7 kg milk, results in improvement in yield of whole milk, percentage of fat and the efficiency of feed conversion and increase in income by 40 to 42%.
81	In Vadodara district the farmers are advised to feed additional daily 1 to 1.25 kg compound concentrate mixture to lactating buffaloes in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement.
82	The farmers of Vadodara district are advised to feed additional daily 500 g compound concentrate mixture or 3.0 kg leguminous green fodder to working bullocks during summer and winter in order to fulfill their nutrient requirement.”
83	Farmers of Anand district are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate to the lactating crossbred cows yielding daily 7 to 9 kg milk during monsoon and winter and daily 1.5 kg throughout the year to cows yielding daily 15-18 kg milk.
84	Farmers of Anand district are advised to feed daily additional 1.0 kg compound concentrate mixture to buffaloes yielding daily 5.5 to 10 kg milk during summer and monsoon, and 1.5 kg during winter.
85	The dairy farmers are recommended that inclusion of bypass fat @100 g/day for 30 days before parturition and 15g/kg milk yield after parturition for 120 days in the ration of buffaloes improves yield of whole milk, fat, 6% FCM, feed conversion efficiency, income per buffalo and birth weight of calves and reduces service period.

12. Achievements:

Since 1984 till date 85 recommendations useful for farmers community are generated out of the research work carried out in the department.

(ii) Other Achievements

Suitable / safe level of inclusion of various agro industrial and other byproducts in concentrate mixture/complete feed /total mixed ration were determined by conducting digestion and feeding trials in different categories of animals. Based on research carried out in this department different byproducts are being used by various cattle feed factories and farmers.

Some of them were also included in the list of feed sub committee of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.

Awards and Achievements

Sr. No.	Name of person	Award	Year
1	Dr.P.C.Shukla	The Compound Livestock Feeds Manufacturers Association of India	1980
2	Dr.M.B.Pande	The Compound Livestock Feeds Manufacturers Association of India	1983
3	Dr. M. B. Pande , Dr. P.C. Shukla and Dr. J. R. Vyas	Dr. J. G. Kane memorial award	1983
4	Dr. R. S. Gupta	The Compound Livestock Feeds Manufacturers Association of India	1990
5	Dr. Subhash Parnerkar	Dr. S.K. Ranjhan Award for Best Doctoral Thesis	1991-93
6	Dr. Subhash Parnerkar Dr. P. R. Pandya	Prof. J.P. Trivedi Award sponsored by Hari Om Ashram	1996
7	Dr. P. R. Pandya	CSIR Senior Research fellowship award	1996
8	Dr. Subhash Parnerkar, Dr. P.R. Pandya	Sardar Patel Agricultural Research Award from Govt. of Gujarat.	1998-99
9	Dr. P. R. Pandya	Best paper award by Godarshan	1999
10	Dr. P. R. Pandya and Dr. M. C. Desai	Prof. J.P. Trivedi Award sponsored by Hari Om Ashram	2000
11	Dr. Dharmendrakumar, Dr. Subhash Parnerkar, Dr. M. A. Shekh and Mr. G. R. Patel	Best poster Presentation Award by The Indian Society of Sheep and Goat production and utilization	2012

13. Publications:

(a) Publications Useful to the Farmers:

Latest publication in vernacular language:

(i) Pashuposhan ane Ahar Vyavastha- BOOK

(ii) Vividh aprachalit pashuaharo ane tena upyog-Booklet

(iii) Leaflets

1. Baval bij ni chuni no dhoro na khorak mna upyog

2. Dhoro na khorak ma kuvadiya (puvad) no upyog

3. Subabul no dhorona khorak ma upyog

4. Keri ni gotali no dhoro na khorak ma upyog

5. Juda juda varg na pushuo no dainik ahar

6. Ganda baval ni shingo-ek sasto pashu ahar

7. Sheradi ane sheradi ni adpedashono pashuahar tarike Upyog

(iv) Folders

1. Dudhaal pashuo nee utpaadaktaa vadhaaravaa baayapaas proteen no upayog

2. Dudhaal pashuo nee utpaadaktaa vadhaaravaa baayapaas fat no upayog

3. Pashu aahaar maa khanija tatvo nu mahatva

(b) Publications Useful to the Others:

(i) Research Highlights of Animal Nutrition Research Station (1973-2004)

14. Transfer of technologies:

The information on balanced feeding of cattle and buffaloes, utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts etc. have been supplied to the cattle owners during survey and by personal contacts or through correspondence, radio talks, T.V. programme, popular articles, correspondence course and by other media such as Agricultural Fair, Exhibitions. Many training programmes for feeding management of animals during drought for Veterinary Officers were organized. Short-term training was also given to feed industry personnels.

No.	Details	Numbers
1.	Paper published in National/International journals	302
2.	Paper presented in National/International symposiums/ Seminar	70
3.	Popular Articles	53
4.	Book/ Bulletin/ Booklets/ Book chapter	5
5.	Radio Talk	25
6.	TV programme	15

15. Contact Information: Research Scientist & Head

Animal Nutrition Research Department

Anand Agricultural University, Anand

Phone: (O): 02692 263440

(M): 9825166013

Email: parnerkar@aau.in

16. Any important information: - --

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AAU AT A GLANCE

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Information Desk

Pashu Sanshodhan Kendra, Ramnamuvada

Department of Animal Nutrition, AAU, Anand

Total area of farm: 1.19 hectare

Farm area under cultivation: 1.0 hectare

Source of irrigation: Tube well of other department

Animal Nutrition Survey in different districts of Gujarat state to study the available feeds and fodder resources.